{"id":5453,"date":"2020-06-26T12:03:53","date_gmt":"2020-06-26T12:03:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\/blogger\/?p=5453"},"modified":"2020-04-16T20:45:34","modified_gmt":"2020-04-16T20:45:34","slug":"another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\/blogger\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\/","title":{"rendered":"ANOTHER COFFEE BREAK: OUR FOREFATHERS\u2019 COVENANTS, Part 29"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-image-align-center in-legacy-container\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><div class=\"imageframe-align-center\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"457\" height=\"307\" title=\"defaultblog1\" src=\"https:\/\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\/blogger\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/defaultblog1.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-2006\" srcset=\"https:\/\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\/blogger\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/defaultblog1-200x134.jpg 200w, https:\/\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\/blogger\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/defaultblog1-400x269.jpg 400w, https:\/\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\/blogger\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/defaultblog1.jpg 457w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1105px) 100vw, 457px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=Section1>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;text-align:center;\r\nline-height:normal;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",\"sans-serif\";\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:#747474'><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;text-align:center;\r\nline-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:27.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:#984806'>OUR FOREFATHERS\u2019\r\nCOVENANTS<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;text-align:center;\r\nline-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:27.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:#984806'>Part 29<\/span><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;text-align:center;\r\nline-height:normal'>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span\r\nstyle='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'><o:p>\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'>June 26, 2020<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><b\r\nstyle='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:#984806;mso-themecolor:accent6;mso-themeshade:\r\n128'><o:p>\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:#640000'>Today we begin our discussion with a brief history of the life\r\nof Alexander Hamilton.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>\u00a0 <\/span>The details of\r\nhis life and his involvement in the formation of our early government are so\r\nvoluminous that it would take many Coffee Breaks to recount, so I offer you the\r\nfollowing. We\u2019ve already mentioned him and talked about some of his influence\r\nwith our nation\u2019s founding, but let\u2019s get a little more specific today.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>For a man\r\nwho had such a short life with such questionable beginnings, Alexander Hamilton\r\nused his life to literally change the world of his day and influence the world\r\neconomy even to the present.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>Born on\r\nthe island of Nevis in the British West Indies on January 11, 1755 of a union\r\nbetween James Hamilton (a Scottish merchant) and Rachael Fawcette Levine (of\r\nFrench Huguenot descent), the Law saw his birth as illegitimate.\u00a0 Rachael\r\nhad been married to a Danish businessman at a very early age; and for reasons\r\nunknown, the court ordered her divorce from him.\u00a0 Under Danish Law,\r\nRachael was forbidden to remarry; and her union with James Hamilton could never\r\nbe legalized.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>Hamilton's\r\nbirthplace on the island of Nevis had a large Jewish community, constituting\r\none quarter of Charlestown's white population by the 1720s. He came into\r\ncontact with Jews on a regular basis; as a small boy, he was tutored by a\r\nJewish schoolmistress, and had learned to recite the <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ten_Commandments\" title=\"Ten Commandments\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Ten Commandments<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> in the original <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblical_Hebrew\" title=\"Biblical Hebrew\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Hebrew<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>Hamilton\r\nexhibited a degree of respect for Jews that was described by Chernow as \"a\r\nlife-long reverence.\"<\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Hamilton#cite_note-chernow18-228\"><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> He believed that\r\nJewish achievement was a result of <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divine_providence\" title=\"Divine providence\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>divine providence<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a name=\"_GoBack\"><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>Before\r\nAlexander turned 13 years of age, his mother died.\u00a0 His father had gone\r\nbankrupt, and Alexander was compelled to go to work as a clerk and apprentice\r\nat the counting house of Nicholas Cruger and David Beekman.\u00a0 It may have\r\nbeen tragic circumstances that compelled him to go to work at such a young age,\r\nbut it was a Godsend in disguise.\u00a0 When Alexander was age 15, Cruger found\r\nit necessary to leave on other business and left him in charge.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>It had only\r\nbeen a year since Alexander Hamilton (now age 14) had written a note to a\r\nfriend by the name of Edward Stevens, in which he said, <b><i><span\r\nstyle='color:#365F91;mso-themecolor:accent1;mso-themeshade:191'>\"my\r\nambition is prevalent, so that I contemn the groveling condition of a clerk or\r\nthe like \u2026 and would willingly risk my life, though not my character, to exalt\r\nmy station.\"<\/span><\/i><\/b><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>Without\r\nhaving to do either, he found the opportunity thrust upon him.\u00a0 Growing up\r\nin near-poverty, educational opportunities had been scarce, but his mother's\r\nFrench upbringing made it possible for him to learn the language; and indeed he\r\nlearned it well.\u00a0 The devastating hurricane of August 30, 1772 that struck\r\nthe islands and all but wiped out the city of Christiansted provided an\r\nopportunity for Alexander that changed his life forever.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>Despite\r\nhis youth, he had become very articulate in expressing himself.\u00a0 Following\r\nthe hurricane event, he wrote a complete description of the devastation for the\r\nRoyal Danish-American Gazette.\u00a0 Family friends were extremely impressed\r\nwith his writing and decided to fund the opportunity for him to be educated at\r\na grammar school in Elizabethtown, New Jersey where he enrolled in the fall of\r\n1772.\u00a0 He graduated one year later and immediately entered King's College\r\nin New York City.\u00a0 Again, he graduated college after only one year with\r\nhis Bachelor of Arts degree.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>The War of\r\nIndependence was just beginning and Alexander Hamilton felt a very keen loyalty\r\nto the colonists.\u00a0 It was on the morning of July 6, 1774 at a mass meeting\r\nin the fields of New York City that he made an absolutely sensational speech\r\nattacking British policies.\u00a0 At the same time he began writing a series of\r\nletters for John Holt's <u>New York Journal<\/u>.\u00a0 <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>While at\r\nKing's College, he had joined a patriot volunteer band known as \"the\r\nCorsicans.\"\u00a0 Every morning before classes began, they would\r\ndrill.\u00a0 These exercises fueled Alexander's military ambitions and\r\ndesires.\u00a0 Thus, one August morning in 1775, the \"Corsicans\"\r\nparticipated in a raid to seize the cannon from the local Battery.\u00a0\u00a0 On\r\nMarch 14, 1776, less than 90 days before the Declaration of Independence was\r\nset forth, he was commissioned captain of a company of artillery set up by the\r\nNew York Providential Congress.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>In August\r\nof that year, his company participated in the Battle of Long Island; and in\r\nOctober his battery guarded Chatterton's Hill while protecting the withdrawal\r\nof General William Smallwood's militia.\u00a0 His military feats continued\r\neventually bringing him to the attention of General Nathaniel Greene; and\r\nsubsequently to George Washington.\u00a0 Just prior to his 22nd birthday, in\r\nMarch of 1777, he joined Washington's personal staff and was commissioned with\r\nthe rank of Lieutenant Colonel.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>I quote\r\nthe following from <i>Wikipedia<\/i>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>While on\r\nWashington's staff, Hamilton long sought command and a return to active combat.\r\nAs the war drew nearer to an end, he knew that opportunities for military glory\r\nwere diminishing. On February 15, 1781, Hamilton was reprimanded by Washington\r\nafter a minor misunderstanding. Although Washington quickly tried to mend their\r\nrelationship, Hamilton insisted on leaving his staff. He officially left in\r\nMarch and settled with <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton\"\r\ntitle=\"Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:\r\nnone'>Eliza<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>\r\nclose to Washington's headquarters. He repeatedly asked Washington and others\r\nfor a field command. Washington demurred, citing the need to appoint men of\r\nhigher rank. This continued until early July 1781, when Hamilton submitted a\r\nletter to Washington with his <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Officer_(armed_forces)\"\r\ntitle=\"Officer (armed forces)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>commission<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> enclosed,\r\n\"thus tacitly threatening to resign if he didn't get his desired\r\ncommand.\"<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>On July\r\n31, Washington relented and assigned Hamilton as commander of a battalion of\r\nlight infantry companies of the 1st and 2nd New York Regiments and two\r\nprovisional companies from Connecticut. In the planning for the assault on <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Yorktown\" title=\"Siege of Yorktown\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Yorktown<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, Hamilton was\r\ngiven command of three <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battalion\"\r\ntitle=Battalion><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>battalions<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, which were to\r\nfight in conjunction with the allied <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Army\" title=\"French Army\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>French troops<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> in taking <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Redoubt\" title=Redoubt><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Redoubts<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> No. 9 and No. 10\r\nof the British fortifications at Yorktown. Hamilton and his battalions fought\r\nbravely and took Redoubt No. 10 with <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bayonets\" title=Bayonets><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>bayonets<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> in a nighttime\r\naction, as planned. The French also fought bravely, suffered heavy casualties,\r\nand took Redoubt No. 9. These actions forced the <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Army\" title=\"British Army\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>British<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> surrender of an\r\nentire army at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yorktown,_Virginia\"\r\ntitle=\"Yorktown, Virginia\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Yorktown, Virginia<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, marking the <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_facto\" title=\"De facto\"><i><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>de facto<\/span><\/i><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> end of the war,\r\nalthough small battles continued for two more years until the signing of the <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)\"\r\ntitle=\"Treaty of Paris (1783)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Treaty of Paris<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> and the departure\r\nof the last British troops.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>While on\r\nWashington's staff, Hamilton had become frustrated with the decentralized\r\nnature of the wartime Continental Congress, particularly its dependence upon\r\nthe states for voluntary financial support. Under the Articles of\r\nConfederation, Congress had no power to collect taxes or to demand money from\r\nthe states. This lack of a stable source of funding had made it difficult for\r\nthe Continental Army both to obtain its necessary provisions and to pay its\r\nsoldiers. During the war, and for some time after, Congress obtained what funds\r\nit could from subsidies from the King of France, from aid requested from the\r\nseveral states (which were often unable or unwilling to contribute), and from\r\nEuropean loans.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>An\r\namendment to the Articles had been proposed by <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Burke_(North_Carolina)\"\r\ntitle=\"Thomas Burke (North Carolina)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:\r\nnone'>Thomas Burke<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>,\r\nin February 1781, to give Congress the power to collect a 5% impost, or duty on\r\nall imports, but this required ratification by all states; securing its passage\r\nas law proved impossible after it was rejected by Rhode Island in November\r\n1782. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Madison\"\r\ntitle=\"James Madison\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>James Madison<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> joined Hamilton in\r\ninfluencing Congress to send a delegation to persuade Rhode Island to change\r\nits mind. Their report recommending the delegation argued the national\r\ngovernment needed not just some level of financial autonomy, but also the\r\nability to make laws that superseded those of the individual states. Hamilton\r\ntransmitted a letter arguing that Congress already had the power to tax, since\r\nit had the power to fix the sums due from the several states; but Virginia's <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rescission_(contract_law)\"\r\ntitle=\"Rescission (contract law)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:\r\nnone'>rescission<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>\r\nof its own ratification ended the Rhode Island negotiations.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>After the\r\nBattle of Yorktown, Hamilton resigned his commission. He was appointed in July\r\n1782 to the <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_the_Confederation\"\r\ntitle=\"Congress of the Confederation\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:\r\nnone'>Congress of the Confederation<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> as a New York representative for the term\r\nbeginning in November 1782. Before his appointment to Congress in 1782,\r\nHamilton was already sharing his criticisms of Congress. He expressed these\r\ncriticisms in his letter to James Duane dated September 3, 1780. In this letter\r\nhe wrote, <b><i><span style='color:#365F91;mso-themecolor:accent1;mso-themeshade:\r\n191'>\"The fundamental defect is a want of power in Congress...the\r\nconfederation itself is defective and requires to be altered; it is neither fit\r\nfor war, nor peace.\"<\/span><\/i><\/b><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>While on\r\nWashington's staff, Hamilton had become frustrated with the decentralized\r\nnature of the wartime Continental Congress, particularly its dependence upon\r\nthe states for voluntary financial support. Under the Articles of\r\nConfederation, Congress had no power to collect taxes or to demand money from\r\nthe states. This lack of a stable source of funding had made it difficult for\r\nthe Continental Army both to obtain its necessary provisions and to pay its\r\nsoldiers. During the war, and for some time after, Congress obtained what funds\r\nit could from subsidies from the King of France, from aid requested from the\r\nseveral states (which were often unable or unwilling to contribute), and from\r\nEuropean loans.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>An\r\namendment to the Articles had been proposed by <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Burke_(North_Carolina)\"\r\ntitle=\"Thomas Burke (North Carolina)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:\r\nnone'>Thomas Burke<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>,\r\nin February 1781, to give Congress the power to collect a 5% impost, or duty on\r\nall imports, but this required ratification by all states; securing its passage\r\nas law proved impossible after it was rejected by Rhode Island in November\r\n1782. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Madison\"\r\ntitle=\"James Madison\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>James Madison<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> joined Hamilton in\r\ninfluencing Congress to send a delegation to persuade Rhode Island to change\r\nits mind. Their report recommending the delegation argued the national\r\ngovernment needed not just some level of financial autonomy, but also the\r\nability to make laws that superseded those of the individual states. Hamilton\r\ntransmitted a letter arguing that Congress already had the power to tax, since\r\nit had the power to fix the sums due from the several states; but Virginia's <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rescission_(contract_law)\"\r\ntitle=\"Rescission (contract law)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:\r\nnone'>rescission<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>\r\nof its own ratification ended the Rhode Island negotiations.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>While\r\nHamilton was in Congress, discontented soldiers began to pose a danger to the\r\nyoung United States. Most of the army was then posted at <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newburgh,_New_York\"\r\ntitle=\"Newburgh, New York\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Newburgh<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, New York. Those\r\nin the army were funding much of their own supplies, and they had not been paid\r\nin eight months. Furthermore, after <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley_Forge\" title=\"Valley Forge\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Valley Forge<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, the Continental\r\nofficers had been promised in May 1778 a <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pension\" title=Pension><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>pension<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> of half their pay\r\nwhen they were discharged.By the early 1780s, due to the structure of the\r\ngovernment under the Articles of Confederation, it had no power to tax to\r\neither raise revenue or pay its soldiers. In 1782 after several months without\r\npay, a group of officers organized to send a delegation to lobby Congress, led\r\nby Capt. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_McDougall\"\r\ntitle=\"Alexander McDougall\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Alexander McDougall<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>. The officers had\r\nthree demands: the Army's pay, their own pensions, and commutation of those\r\npensions into a lump-sum payment if Congress were unable to afford the\r\nhalf-salary pensions for life. Congress rejected the proposal.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>Several\r\nCongressmen, including Hamilton, <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Morris_(financier)\"\r\ntitle=\"Robert Morris (financier)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:\r\nnone'>Robert Morris<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>\r\nand <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gouverneur_Morris\"\r\ntitle=\"Gouverneur Morris\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Gouverneur Morris<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> (no relation),\r\nattempted to use this <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newburgh_Conspiracy\"\r\ntitle=\"Newburgh Conspiracy\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Newburgh Conspiracy<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> as leverage to\r\nsecure support from the states and in Congress for funding of the national\r\ngovernment. They encouraged MacDougall to continue his aggressive approach,\r\nthreatening unknown consequences if their demands were not met, and defeated\r\nproposals that would have resolved the crisis without establishing general\r\nfederal taxation: that the states assume the debt to the army, or that an <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tax#Tariff\" title=Tax><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>impost<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> be established\r\ndedicated to the sole purpose of paying that debt.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>Hamilton\r\nsuggested using the Army's claims to prevail upon the states for the proposed\r\nnational funding system. The Morrises and Hamilton contacted Knox to suggest he\r\nand the officers defy civil authority, at least by not disbanding if the army\r\nwere not satisfied. Hamilton wrote Washington to suggest that Hamilton covertly\r\n\"take direction\" of the officers' efforts to secure redress, to\r\nsecure continental funding but keep the army within the limits of moderation.\r\nWashington wrote Hamilton back, declining to introduce the army. After the\r\ncrisis had ended, Washington warned of the dangers of using the army as\r\nleverage to gain support for the national funding plan. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>On March\r\n15, Washington defused the Newburgh situation by addressing the officers\r\npersonally. Congress ordered the Army officially disbanded in April 1783. In\r\nthe same month, Congress passed a new measure for a twenty-five-year\r\nimpost\u2014which Hamilton voted against\u2014that again required the consent of all the\r\nstates; it also approved a commutation of the officers' pensions to five years\r\nof full pay. Rhode Island again opposed these provisions, and Hamilton's robust\r\nassertions of national prerogatives in his previous letter were widely held to\r\nbe excessive. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>In June\r\n1783, a different group of disgruntled soldiers from <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania\"\r\ntitle=\"Lancaster, Pennsylvania\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Lancaster,\r\nPennsylvania<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>,\r\nsent Congress a petition demanding their back pay. When they began to march\r\ntoward Philadelphia, Congress charged Hamilton and two others with intercepting\r\nthe mob.<\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Hamilton#cite_note-chernow177-74\"><sup><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>[74]<\/span><\/sup><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> Hamilton requested\r\nmilitia from Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council, but was turned down.\r\nHamilton instructed <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War\"\r\ntitle=\"United States Assistant Secretary of War\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\r\ntext-underline:none'>Assistant Secretary of War<\/span><\/a><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Jackson_(secretary)\"\r\ntitle=\"William Jackson (secretary)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:\r\nnone'>William Jackson<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>\r\nto intercept the men. Jackson was unsuccessful. The mob arrived in\r\nPhiladelphia, and the soldiers proceeded to harangue Congress for their pay.\r\nThe <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_Continental_Congress\"\r\ntitle=\"President of the Continental Congress\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\r\ntext-underline:none'>President of the Continental Congress<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Dickinson\" title=\"John Dickinson\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>John Dickinson<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, feared that the\r\nPennsylvania state militia was unreliable, and refused its help. Hamilton\r\nargued that Congress ought to adjourn to <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Princeton,_New_Jersey\"\r\ntitle=\"Princeton, New Jersey\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Princeton, New\r\nJersey<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>.\r\nCongress agreed, and relocated there.<\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Hamilton#cite_note-chernow182-80\"><sup><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>[80]<\/span><\/sup><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'> Frustrated with\r\nthe weakness of the central government, Hamilton while in Princeton drafted a\r\ncall to revise the Articles of Confederation. This resolution contained many\r\nfeatures of the future U.S. Constitution, including a strong federal government\r\nwith the ability to collect taxes and raise an army. It also included the\r\nseparation of powers into the <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Executive_branch\" title=\"Executive branch\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Executive<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legislative_branch\"\r\ntitle=\"Legislative branch\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Legislative<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, and <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judicial_branch\" title=\"Judicial branch\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Judicial branches<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>As a youth\r\nin the West Indies, Hamilton was an orthodox and conventional Presbyterian of\r\nthe \"<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Great_Awakening\"\r\ntitle=\"First Great Awakening\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>New Light<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>\" evangelical\r\ntype (as opposed to the \"Old Light\" Calvinists); he was taught there\r\nby a student of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Witherspoon\"\r\ntitle=\"John Witherspoon\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>John Witherspoon<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, a moderate of the\r\nNew School. He wrote two or three <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hymns\" title=Hymns><span style='font-size:\r\n13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:\r\nnone;text-underline:none'>hymns<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, which were published in the local\r\nnewspaper.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Troup\"\r\ntitle=\"Robert Troup\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Robert Troup<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, his college\r\nroommate, noted that Hamilton was \"in the habit of praying on his knees\r\nnight and morning.\"<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>According\r\nto Gordon Wood, Hamilton dropped his youthful religiosity during the Revolution\r\nand became \"a conventional liberal with theistic inclinations who was an\r\nirregular churchgoer at best\"; however, he returned to religion in his\r\nlast years.Chernow wrote that Hamilton was nominally an <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)\"\r\ntitle=\"Episcopal Church (United States)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;\r\ntext-underline:none'>Episcopalian<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, but, he was not clearly affiliated with\r\nthe denomination and did not seem to attend church regularly or take communion.\r\nLike Adams, Franklin, and Jefferson, Hamilton has been accused by modern\r\ntheologians of deism, which sought to substitute reason for revelation and\r\ndropped the notion of an active God who intervened in human affairs. At the\r\nsame time, he never doubted God's existence, embracing Christianity as a system\r\nof morality and cosmic justice.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>Stories\r\nwere circulated that Hamilton had made two quips about God at the time of the\r\nConstitutional Convention in 1787. During the <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolution\" title=\"French Revolution\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>French Revolution<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, he displayed a\r\nutilitarian approach to using religion for political ends, such as by maligning\r\nJefferson as \"the atheist,\" and insisting that Christianity and\r\nJeffersonian democracy were incompatible. After 1801, Hamilton further asserted\r\nthe truth of Christianity; he proposed a Christian Constitutional Society in\r\n1802, to take hold of \"some strong feeling of the mind\" to elect\r\n\"<i>fit<\/i> men\" to office, and he wrote of \"Christian welfare\r\nsocieties\" for the poor. After being shot, Hamilton spoke of his belief in\r\nGod's mercy.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>On his\r\ndeathbed, following the duel between him and Aaron Burr, Hamilton asked the\r\nEpiscopal Bishop of New York, <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benjamin_Moore_(bishop)\"\r\ntitle=\"Benjamin Moore (bishop)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Benjamin Moore<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, to give him <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holy_communion\" title=\"Holy communion\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>holy communion<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>. Moore initially\r\ndeclined to do so, on two grounds: that to participate in a duel was a <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mortal_sin\" title=\"Mortal sin\"><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>mortal sin<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>, and that\r\nHamilton, although undoubtedly sincere in his faith, was not a member of the\r\nEpiscopalian denomination. After leaving, Moore was persuaded to return that\r\nafternoon by the urgent pleas of Hamilton's friends, and upon receiving\r\nHamilton's solemn assurance that he repented for his part in the duel, Moore\r\ngave him communion. Bishop Moore returned the next morning, stayed with\r\nHamilton for several hours until his death, and conducted the funeral service\r\nat <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)\"\r\ntitle=\"Trinity Church (Manhattan)\"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:\r\nnone'>Trinity Church<\/span><\/a><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-pagination:none'><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:#002060'>In case you\r\nare missing out on real fellowship in an environment of Ekklesia, our Sunday\r\nworship gatherings are available by conference call \u2013 usually at about 10:30AM\r\nPacific.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>\u00a0 <\/span>That conference number is <\/span><\/b><b><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:red'>(712) 770-4160<\/span><\/b><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:#002060'>, and the\r\naccess code is <\/span><\/b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:red'>308640#.<\/span><\/b><b><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:#002060'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>\u00a0 <\/span>We are now making these gatherings\r\navailable on video usingZOOM.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>\u00a0 <\/span>If you wish\r\nto participate by video on ZOOM, our login ID is 835-926-513.<span\r\nstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'>\u00a0 <\/span>If you miss the live voice-onlycall, you can\r\ndial <\/span><\/b><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";color:red'>(712) 770-4169<\/span><\/b><b><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\ncolor:#002060'>, enter the same access code and listen in later.<span\r\nstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'>\u00a0 <\/span>The video call, of course, is not recorded \u2013\r\nnot yet, anyway.<\/span><\/b><span style='font-size:9.5pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\",\"serif\"'><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>B<b>lessings on you!<o:p><\/o:p><\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><span\r\nstyle='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:Majestic;mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'><o:p>\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span\r\nstyle='font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Majestic;mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\ncolor:#0070C0'>Regner<\/span><\/b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Majestic;\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span\r\nstyle='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span\r\nstyle='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'>Regner A. Capener<\/span><\/b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'><br>\r\n<b>CAPENER MINISTRIES<\/b><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><span\r\nstyle='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'>RIVER WORSHIP CENTER<\/span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'><br>\r\nTemple, Texas 76502<\/span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";\r\nmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><span\r\nstyle='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'>Email Contact: <\/span><u><span style='font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";color:blue'>CapenerMinistries@protonmail.com<\/span><\/u><span\r\nstyle='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><span\r\nstyle='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'><o:p>\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><span\r\nstyle='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'>All Coffee Break articles are copyright by Regner A.\r\nCapener, but authorization for reprinting, reposting, copying or re-use, in\r\nwhole or in part, is granted \u2013provided proper attribution and this notice are\r\nincluded intact. Older Coffee Break archives are available <u><span\r\nstyle='color:#984806'>.<\/span><\/u> Coffee Break articles are normally published\r\nweekly.<br>\r\n<br>\r\nIf you would like to have these articles arrive each morning in your email,\r\nplease send a blank email to: <\/span><u><span style='font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";color:blue'>AnotherCoffeeBreak@protonmail.com<\/span><\/u><span\r\nstyle='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'> with the word, \u201cSubscribe\u201d in the subject line.<span\r\nstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'>\u00a0 <\/span>To remove yourself from the mailing list,\r\nplease send a blank email to <\/span><a\r\nhref=\"mailto:AnotherCoffeeBreak@protonmail.com\"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'>AnotherCoffeeBreak@protonmail.com<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";color:#192763'> with the word \u201cUnsubscribe\u201d in the subject\r\nline. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><span\r\nstyle='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'><o:p>\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:2.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span\r\nstyle='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'>CAPENER MINISTRIES<\/span><\/b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>\u00a0<\/span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"'>is\r\na tax-exempt church ministry. Should you desire to participate and covenant\r\nwith us as partners in this ministry, please contact us at either of the above\r\nemail or physical addresses, or visit:\u00a0<\/span><a\r\nhref=\"http:\/\/www.riverworshipcenter.org\/\"\r\ntitle=\"http:\/\/www.riverworshipcenter.org\/\"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'>http:\/\/www.RiverWorshipCenter.org<\/span><\/a><span\r\nstyle='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\";mso-fareast-font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"'>.<\/span><span style='font-family:\"Book Antiqua\",\"serif\"'><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> \r\n<div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today we begin our discussion with a brief history of the life of Alexander Hamilton.  The details of his life and his involvement in the formation of our early government are so voluminous that it would take many Coffee Breaks to recount, so I offer you the following. We\u2019ve already mentioned him and talked about some of his influence with our nation\u2019s founding, but let\u2019s get a little more specific today.<br \/>\nFor a man who had such a short life with such questionable beginnings, Alexander Hamilton used his life to literally change the world of his day and influence the world economy even to the present.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204,1],"tags":[205,65,99],"class_list":["post-5453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-204","category-another-coffee-break","tag-205","tag-another-coffee-break","tag-june"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ANOTHER COFFEE BREAK: OUR FOREFATHERS\u2019 COVENANTS, Part 29 - Regners Morning Coffee<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\/blogger\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ANOTHER COFFEE BREAK: OUR FOREFATHERS\u2019 COVENANTS, Part 29 - Regners Morning Coffee\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Today we begin our discussion with a brief history of the life of Alexander Hamilton. The details of his life and his involvement in the formation of our early government are so voluminous that it would take many Coffee Breaks to recount, so I offer you the following. We\u2019ve already mentioned him and talked about some of his influence with our nation\u2019s founding, but let\u2019s get a little more specific today. For a man who had such a short life with such questionable beginnings, Alexander Hamilton used his life to literally change the world of his day and influence the world economy even to the present.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\/blogger\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Regners Morning Coffee\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-06-26T12:03:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"coffee\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"coffee\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"38 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"coffee\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b4475bd1dbeb84d0016274b68e3de28f\"},\"headline\":\"ANOTHER COFFEE BREAK: OUR FOREFATHERS\u2019 COVENANTS, Part 29\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-06-26T12:03:53+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":7534,\"keywords\":[\"2020\",\"Another Coffee Break\",\"June\"],\"articleSection\":[\"2020\",\"ANOTHER COFFEE BREAK:\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\\\/\",\"name\":\"ANOTHER COFFEE BREAK: OUR FOREFATHERS\u2019 COVENANTS, Part 29 - Regners Morning Coffee\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-06-26T12:03:53+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b4475bd1dbeb84d0016274b68e3de28f\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"ANOTHER COFFEE BREAK: OUR FOREFATHERS\u2019 COVENANTS, Part 29\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/\",\"name\":\"Regners Morning Coffee\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b4475bd1dbeb84d0016274b68e3de28f\",\"name\":\"coffee\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\\\/blogger\\\/author\\\/coffee\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"ANOTHER COFFEE BREAK: OUR FOREFATHERS\u2019 COVENANTS, Part 29 - Regners Morning Coffee","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/regnersmorningcoffee.com\/blogger\/another-coffee-break-our-forefathers-covenants-part-29\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"ANOTHER COFFEE BREAK: OUR FOREFATHERS\u2019 COVENANTS, Part 29 - Regners Morning Coffee","og_description":"Today we begin our discussion with a brief history of the life of Alexander Hamilton. The details of his life and his involvement in the formation of our early government are so voluminous that it would take many Coffee Breaks to recount, so I offer you the following. We\u2019ve already mentioned him and talked about some of his influence with our nation\u2019s founding, but let\u2019s get a little more specific today. 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